Multi-Actor Roles in Basic Education Provision for Indonesian Migrant Workers’ Children in Sabah and Sarawak

This study examines the governance of basic education access for Indonesian Migrant Workers’ children in Sabah and Sarawak by focusing on the roles of multi-actors involved in service provision. Using a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews and document analysis, the study finds that the operation of Community Learning Centers is highly dependent on the interaction between the Malaysian government as the licensing authority, plantation companies as facility providers and funders, and the Indonesian government through Atdikbud, KJRI/KRI, and SIKK as facilitators of educational diplomacy and the roles of PMI communities. Non-governmental organizations such as Humana Child Aid Society also enhance access in areas not covered by CLCs. The findings indicate that education provision for migrant children is the result of adaptive, cross-actor collaboration shaped by coordination and negotiation on the ground.