Sustained interfacial powering through self-generated mantle and siphon of a gelling droplet

Autonomous motion in a persistent manner such as spinning of Euler's disk is long-sought-after by natural or artificial microsystems due to their limited energy loading and is particularly challenging for Marangoni motors as inhomogeneity of active molecules is difficult to sustain. Here we show that by releasing a droplet containing hydrogel precursor and non-small active molecules on a diluted crosslinking-agent solution, the droplet self-propels with a lifetime 300-to-1000-fold longer. It is found that continuously crosslinking hydrogel shell cuts rapid surfactant diffusion and accompanying volumetric contraction perforates the shell and generates a vent through which active molecules are unidirectionally released. The mechanism echoes squid's jet propulsion wherein water is expelled out of a siphon by contracting mantle. Such self-generated contracting mantle-siphon configuration of a gelling droplet maximizes the localized concentration inhomogeneity and protracts adsorption saturation on water surface, improving the efficiency and lifetime of Marangoni motors for sustained powering of interfacial machines. The unfolded strategy potentially provides solutions for microscale release control which will be of interest to microrobots, materials assembly, and biomolecules transport.