Explicating the Role of Bioactive Metabolites in Osteoarthritis: Chondrocytes Protection and Joint Tissue Repairing

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the progressive degradation of cartilage and the inflammatory response in joint tissues. There is increasing interest in the function of secondary metabolites/bioactive moieties in joint health, as traditional therapy approaches often focus on managing symptoms rather than addressing the underlying causes. This review examines the therapeutic potential of various bioactive compounds, including terpenes and terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, and omega-3 fatty acids, in promoting joint tissue regeneration and repair. This review also highlights emerging novel drug delivery systems designed to encapsulate natural bioactive compounds for improving their pharmacokinetic properties and enhancing bioavailability. In this review article, the main focus is on the mechanisms of action of natural moieties, highlighting their anti-inflammatory effects, chondroprotective actions, and cartilage-sustaining properties. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies supports the efficacy of these bioactive moieties in alleviating OA symptoms and improving joint function. Additionally, the synergistic effects of combining different bioactive compounds provide a multifaceted approach for treating joint pain. By elucidating the roles of bioactive moieties in joint health, this review aims to contribute to the development of innovative, natural-based strategies for managing OA and improving patient quality of life.