Empagliflozin Improves Learning and Memory Deficits in Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycemic Male Wistar Rats

The findings underscore the complexity of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways involved in hyperglycemia-associated cognitive impairment. The beneficial effects of Empa on short-term memory may involve alternative mechanisms unrelated to oxidative stress modulation. Further studies involving extended durations, higher dosages, or larger sample sizes are warranted to better elucidate the neuroprotective mechanisms of Empa.