Research on the flapping wing system and aerodynamic characteristics of a migratory beetle-inspired bionic micro-air vehicle

Flapping-wing micro-air vehicles (FWMAVs) have emerged as a promising platform for both military and civilian applications, owing to their compact size, lightweight construction, and high stealth capabilities. This study bridges the fields of entomology and engineering through the development of a bio-inspired FWMAV based on the exceptional flight performance of two migratory beetle species, Anoplophora chinensis and Anomala corpulenta. A systematic comparative analysis of their hindwing morphology and flight kinematics identified A. corpulenta as the superior bionic prototype, characterized by its higher flapping frequency and efficient “figure-of-eight” wingtip trajectory. Anatomical studies of the flight musculature further elucidated the underlying neuromuscular control mechanisms, informing the design of a novel, single-motor-driven, two-degree-of-freedom mechanism capable of actively replicating the essential flapping-pitching coupled motion observed in beetles. Using fluid–structure interaction simulations, we systematically optimized key wing parameters-including planform, membrane thickness, and aspect ratio-to enhance aerodynamic performance. The optimal configuration was determined to be an arc-shaped wing with a membrane thickness of 0.04 mm and an aspect ratio of 2.98. A physical prototype was fabricated and validated through low-speed wind tunnel tests, demonstrating a 52.7% improvement in lift coefficient compared to conventional designs. By integrating insights from entomology, mechanical engineering, and bionics, this study lays a theoretical and technical foundation for the design of high-performance FWMAVs.