Comprehensive phytochemical, anatomical and biological evaluation of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. (Lamiaceae), used as a traditional tea from Türkiye

This study provides a comprehensive investigation of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. (Lamiaceae) from Türkiye, focusing on its phytochemical composition, biological activities, and anatomical characteristics relevant to its potential as a functional food ingredient. Methanol and aqueous extractions yielded 28.09% and 30.91%, respectively, calculated based on the dry weight of the plant material. Essential oil analysis identified 98.3% of the total composition, with oxygenated monoterpenes, particularly 1,8-cineole (28.2%), terpinen-4-ol (12.0%), and pulegone (7.9%), as dominant constituents. Enzyme inhibition assays revealed α-amylase inhibition of 29.3% by the essential oil, calculated based on the tested sample concentration, and moderate cholinesterase inhibition by the methanolic extract; however, all activities were lower than those of the reference drugs. Morphological analysis confirmed the plant as a mat-forming perennial with dense hirsuteness and capitate inflorescences. Leaf anatomy showed amphistomatic, bifacial structure with diverse trichome types and a well-organized vascular system. The stem anatomy exhibited a quadrangular structure with varied glandular and non-glandular trichomes, developed collenchyma, and a distinct endodermis. The findings of this research could shed light on the medicinal value of Z. clinopodioides, and open up new possibilities for its use in various food products or therapeutic applications.