Transparent Electrodes Using Solution-Processed Nanowires

Indium tin oxide (ITO), the conventional material used for transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs), has several drawbacks. These include its high cost, brittleness and the need for high-temperature, vacuum-based processing. This has driven the search for alternative materials that are suitable for cost-effective, large-area and low-temperature solution processing, particularly for flexible electronics. One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials, such as metallic nanowires (Ag, Cu and Au) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have emerged as promising candidates thanks to their excellent electrical conductivity, high transparency and superior mechanical flexibility. This review explores the overall research trend of nanowire-based TCEs fabricated through solution processes. Various random network printing methods (spin coating, spray coating and inkjet printing) and oriented network fabrication techniques (Langmuir–Blodgett, templating and brushing) are investigated for their ability to enhance the electrical and optical properties of the resulting transparent electrodes. Advancements in material stability, network uniformity and scalability are expected to play a significant role in the production of next-generation flexible electronic devices for commercial use.