Exploring learning engagement among Spanish undergraduates in Asia: the chain mediating roles of flow experience and self-determined motivation in short video platform use

These results provide theoretical insights for educators on how short video platforms can be effectively used to facilitate student learning engagement. At the same time, they highlight the potential negative impact of excessive recreational use of such platforms in learning design. Future research should further examine the effects of different types of short video content and extend the investigation to other language-learning environments and cultural contexts, thereby enriching the applicability of short videos in educational research.