Inhibition of TGF-β signaling in microglia stimulates hippocampal adult neurogenesis and reduces anxiety-like behavior in adult mice

Adult neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ) has been implicated in cognitive and affective functions. The role of neuroinflammation and reactive microglia in SGZ neurogenesis is not well understood. TGF-β signaling is critical to maintaining microglia homeostasis in the adult brain. To investigate the role of microglia in SGZ neurogenesis, using microglia-specific inducible knockout (iKO) mice for TGF-β1 ligand or receptor (Alk5 or Tgfbr2), here we show that TGF-β-deficient microglia increase adult neurogenesis in the SGZ, accompanied by altered anxiety-like behavior in KO mice. Single-cell RNAseq (ScRNAseq) analysis shows decreased PTEN signaling, and immunohistochemistry shows increased mTOR activity in DCX+ newly born neuroblasts at the SGZ in iKO mice. Inhibition of mTOR signaling by rapamycin reverses the heightened SGZ neurogenesis in iKO mice. This study reveals the role of microglia in regulating hippocampal adult neurogenesis via the PTEN-mTOR pathway and its potential implications for behavioral and affective functions.