Update on the diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment strategies in non-HIV-associated cryptococcal meningoencephalitis

Persistently high CM mortality stems from delayed or missed diagnosis and under-recognized post-infectious inflammatory injury. Current antifungal regimens, although microbiologically effective, are limited by toxicity and poor tolerability. Improving outcomes will require the integration of rapid, sensitive diagnostic tools for both acute infection and inflammatory sequelae, alongside development of safer, orally bioavailable antifungal agents. These strategies offer the greatest potential to reduce mortality, preserve neurological function, and improve the long-term clinical course of this devastating disease.