Prognostic value of PD-L1 expression on tumor-infiltrating immune cells and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with biliary tract cancer

PD-L1 expression on TIICs and dynamic NLR may be indicative of prognosis in BTC and could provide insights into immune status and response to immunotherapy after recurrence. These findings highlight the potential value of integrating local immune contexture with systemic inflammatory markers, but further validation in larger and prospective cohorts is warranted.