Ten hot topics in cardiovascular risk management for chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the risk of cardiovascular events is often underestimated and undertreated in daily clinical practice. In this review, we aim to answer ten brief but up-to-date questions on cardiovascular risk in CKD. Specifically, a group of ten expert nephrologists have summarized their evidence-based views on topics such as assessing the arterial tree, estimating CV risk, identifying biomarkers that can better stratify CV risk, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that have been shown to improve CV risk. They also discuss blood pressure goals, optimal dyslipidaemia management, and how CV risk should be managed in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy. Finally, we propose integrating all these strategies into clinical practice.