Recent Advances in Power Management Technologies for Next-Generation Wearable and Implantable Soft Electronics

Wearable and implantable soft electronics are emerging as key platforms for next-generation healthcare, enabling continuous physiological monitoring, targeted diagnosis, and therapy. However, the widespread adoption of these systems is fundamentally limited by the reliance on rigid batteries and wired power sources, which induce mechanical mismatch, user discomfort, immune responses, and the need for repeated surgical interventions. To overcome these difficulties, substantial progress has been made in developing power management technologies tailored for soft bioelectronics. This paper reviews recent advances in three major categories of power management technologies for soft electronics, including soft batteries, self-powered systems, and wireless power transfer systems, with an emphasis on their potential to enable long-term, real-time, closed-loop wearable and implantable electronic platforms.