The evolution of open educational practices: a comparative analysis of models and a new framework for the AI era

Abstract This research provides a systematic review and comparison of 14 existing Open Educational Practices (OEP) models and frameworks. Although OEP has its origins in Open Educational Resources (OER), the theoretical conception of OEP remains disparate and heterogeneous. In order to address this issue, the study operationalizes the holistic view of the models by providing a multi-dimensional comparison of these models across their focus, key players and stakeholders, core processes and practices, values and technology orientations. The empirical results point at the holistic evolutionary trajectory for OEP: a Resource Dimension focused on access and creation. A Teaching Dimension focuses on open pedagogy and learner agency. A Technology Dimension focuses on technology, shifting roles from mere tools to integral pieces of educational infrastructure. In line with this development, this study proposes a novel AI-empowered Open TPACK Framework as the next stage of evolution of OEP, where AI is conceptualised not as a tool but as the infrastructure of Content, Pedagogy, and Technology Knowledge (TPACK). This study asserts that the transition from “Resource Access” to “AI Empowerment” indicates a meaningful change in the concept of Open Education. This research provides direction and guidance to educators and policy-makers in effective and meaningful OEP in an algorithmic age, highlighting the need for human agency within clever ecosystems to create sustainable learning environments.