Recent Advancements in Conductive Fibers Manufacturing and Their Applications in Soft Robotics

The field of soft robotics requires materials that possess both flexibility and a high degree of freedom, moving beyond conventional rigid systems. This review highlights the recent advances in conductive fibers and their key roles in soft robotics as artificial muscles and nerves. We examine single-material based fibers, such as those utilizing liquid metal (LM) for stable conductivity and self-healing, and conductive polymers like PEDOT:PSS for electromechanical actuation and sensing in wearable devices. Furthermore, we discuss composite fibers incorporating carbon fillers (e.g., CNTs, graphene) to enhance strength, conductivity, and enable shape memory or thermal actuation. Finally, manufacturing techniques, including thermal drawing, printing (DIW), and various spinning methods, are reviewed as they are crucial for integrating complex, multifunctional fibers into soft robotic systems. The future directions involve greater integration of complex components, improved durability, and advanced fabrication of textile-based robotic networks.