Gender Dynamics in the Turkish Workforce: The Interaction of Organizational Behavior and Management Practices with Sectoral Differences

This study analyzes the structural changes observed in the Turkish labor market during the 2021–2025 period in terms of occupation, sector, and employment status. Total employment reached 32.6 million in 2025, up from 27.4 million in 2021, with the share of salaried or daily-wage workers rising from 69.8% to 71.4%. In terms of sectoral distribution, the share of agriculture fell from 16.6% to 14.1%, while employment in the industrial and service sectors increased significantly. While salaried work dominates male employment in the industrial and service sectors, self-employment and family-based labor force are prominent in agriculture. The rate of paid employment among women has increased in non-agricultural sectors, while unpaid family labor remains high in agriculture. Women's share of total employment has risen from 31.4% to 33.9%, with increased visibility particularly in services and professional occupations. The findings show that processes of formalization, urbanization, and sector-based redistribution continue in Türkiye's labor market. Increased paid employment and growth in non-agricultural sectors have important implications for gender equality and labor force planning. Differences in male and female employment reveal that inequalities in gender-based division of labor and leadership representation persist, while women's economic independence and formal employment. Increased paid employment and growth in non-agricultural sectors have significant implications for gender equality and labour force planning. Differences in male and female employment reveal that inequalities in gender-based division of labour and leadership representation persist, while there has been an increase in women's economic independence and integration into the formal labour force.