Plant-based nephroprotective agents: a review of strategies to combat drug-induced kidney damage

Kidney diseases, exacerbated by drug-induced nephrotoxicity, remain a significant global health burden as it is linked to diabetes and hypertension, presenting a global health challenge. Conventional treatments often have nephrotoxic side effects, complicating disease management. Traditional medicinal plants, rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, and terpenoids, offer nephroprotective benefits against drug-induced and metabolic-related kidney damage. Limited comprehensive reviews exist on plant-based nephroprotective agents targeting drug-induced kidney damage, their mechanisms, and clinical applicability, leaving a gap in understanding their potential integration into modern therapeutic strategies. An extensive examination of the scientific literature supports the efficacy of various plant-based therapies in mitigating renal damage. By exploring the modes of action of these botanical remedies, the review highlights their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic properties, which are crucial in protecting kidney function. Key plant species with documented nephroprotective benefits are discussed, along with their specific bioactive compounds and mechanisms of action. Phytotherapy shows promise as a complementary or alternative approach to conventional treatments, potentially reducing side effects and improving renal health. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and clinical applications of these plant-based remedies. Integrating phytotherapy into mainstream medicine could enhance outcomes for kidney disease patients, offering sustainable and effective treatment options. The paper systematically evaluates plant-based nephroprotective agents, their mechanisms, and efficacy against drug-induced nephrotoxicity, providing a consolidated resource to guide future research and therapeutic development in kidney protection. Continued exploration of these natural remedies is vital for advancing global health.