Long-term ultrasound insights into camelid urology: a retrospective analysis of urinary tract disorders in 1,100 dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) (2012–2025)

Ultrasonography provided a detailed assessment of a wide range of urinary tract disorders in dromedary camels and proved to be a practical, non-invasive diagnostic tool in both field and hospital settings. The retrospective data demonstrate its value in identifying lesion location, tissue alterations, and associated structural abnormalities, even when laboratory or advanced imaging data are incomplete. These findings support ultrasonography as a primary diagnostic method for urinary tract evaluation, enhancing clinical recognition and management of urinary disorders in camels.