Immune checkpoint inhibitors in urothelial carcinoma: a practical framework for patient selection, toxicity management, response assessment, and treatment sequencing

Optimizing systemic frameworks for immunotherapy care requires careful evaluation of functional status, protocols for immune-related adverse events management, standardization for assessments of clinical responses, and ensuring equitable access to care. ctDNA and AI-assisted radiomics are promising adjuncts to clinical care, but still require multi-center prospective validation before adoption into routine practice.