Factors and barriers to technological development of the chemical industry in Russia: a systematic classification and impact on competitiveness

The article proposes a systemic classification of factors and barriers to the technological development of the Russian chemical industry and shows how they affect the competitiveness of the industry. The barriers are grouped into four blocks: external (raw material and market conditions, sanctions restrictions), internal (R&D, personnel, state of production infrastructure), technical and technological (level of equipment, automation and digitalization), and institutional (regulation and environmental requirements, interaction between science and industry). Based on statistical and industry data, a quantitative interpretation of the impact of key constraints on productivity and innovation is provided, and the most significant bottlenecks are identified - dependence on imports of critical technologies and materials, personnel shortages, and depreciation of fixed assets. Scenario benchmarks for technological development until 2030-2040 are formed, and priority areas for measures aimed at reducing barriers and increasing the competitiveness of the Russian chemical complex are identified.