Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

NMIBC management is shifting toward precision-based, multimodal approaches that integrate molecular biomarkers, immunotherapy, and novel drug delivery systems. While early-phase trials show promise, large-scale studies and real-world data are essential to validate these strategies. Personalized surveillance using circulating and urinary tumor DNA may reduce procedural burden and improve outcomes, marking a paradigm shift toward adaptive, patient-centered care.