Impact of Preoperative Anaemia on Blood Transfusion and Clinical Outcomes in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Observational Study

Preoperative anemia is common among TKA patients and has been associated with higher transfusion rates. Transfusion was associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including prolonged hospitalisation and higher complication rates. The substantial physician-related variability observed in transfusion practices underscores the need for standardised, evidence-based perioperative transfusion protocols.