One-Step Formation of 2D/3D Perovskite Heterojunction via Ligand Intercalation and Facet Engineering for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) perovskite heterojunctions at the contact interfaces have been proven to enhance the stability and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The 2D/3D bilayer is typically formed via a solution post-treatment onto the 3D perovskite, where the 2D layer's dimensionality depends on the ligand size and its reactivity. Despite their stability, long-chain ligands typically form 2D perovskites with low dimensionality (n = 1, 2) which feature poor charge conductivity and mobility. Here, we propose an in situ fabrication method incorporating long-chain oleylammonium (OlyA<sup>+</sup>) ligands directly into the perovskite ink. This approach forms 2D perovskite with higher dimensionalities (n ≥ 3) with enhanced (001) crystal facet orientation of the 3D film, improved energetic alignment, charge extraction, and structural stability. The fabricated inverted PSCs with 1.55 eV bandgap achieved a maximum PCE of 26.22% for small area and 24.6% for 1cm<sup>2</sup> devices, as well as 21.1% for mini-modules (6.8 cm<sup>2</sup>). Additionally, the PSCs with in situ formed 2D/3D perovskite heterojunctions retained 90% and 80% of their initial PCE after 1200 h photothermal stability and 1050 h outdoor testing, respectively. Our one-step strategy produces uniform and stable 2D/3D perovskite heterojunctions with enhanced passivation capability, overcoming the limitations of conventional sequential methods and offering a promising and effective approach for highly stable and efficient PSCs.

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Journal
Nano-Micro Letters
Published
2026-02-09
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-02058-8
Primary Topic
Perovskite Materials and Applications
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
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article

One-Step Formation of 2D/3D Perovskite Heterojunction via Ligand Intercalation and Facet Engineering for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Udo Schwingenschlögl, Drajad Satrio Utomo, Vladyslav Hnapovskyi, Imil Fadli Imran et al.
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Perovskite Materials and Applications
article

One-Step Formation of 2D/3D Perovskite Heterojunction via Ligand Intercalation and Facet Engineering for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Udo Schwingenschlögl, Drajad Satrio Utomo, Vladyslav Hnapovskyi, Imil Fadli Imran, Andi Muhammad Risqi, Rakesh R. Pradhan, Mohammed Ghadiyali, Sofiia Kosar, Xiaoming Chang, Junsu Kim, Anil Reddy Pininti, Shynggys Zhumagali, Aleksandra Oranskaia, Christopher E. Petoukhoff, Randi Azmi, Marco Marengo, Yanping Liu, Ahmed Ali Said, Stefaan De Wolf, Hao Tian, Sang Il Seok, Thomas D Anthopoulos, Badri Vishal, Frédéric Laquai, Adi Prasetio, Chuanxiao Xiao
article en

Abstract

Two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) perovskite heterojunctions at the contact interfaces have been proven to enhance the stability and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The 2D/3D bilayer is typically formed via a solution post-treatment onto the 3D perovskite, where the 2D layer's dimensionality depends on the ligand size and its reactivity. Despite their stability, long-chain ligands typically form 2D perovskites with low dimensionality (n = 1, 2) which feature poor charge conductivity and mobility. Here, we propose an in situ fabrication method incorporating long-chain oleylammonium (OlyA<sup>+</sup>) ligands directly into the perovskite ink. This approach forms 2D perovskite with higher dimensionalities (n ≥ 3) with enhanced (001) crystal facet orientation of the 3D film, improved energetic alignment, charge extraction, and structural stability. The fabricated inverted PSCs with 1.55 eV bandgap achieved a maximum PCE of 26.22% for small area and 24.6% for 1cm<sup>2</sup> devices, as well as 21.1% for mini-modules (6.8 cm<sup>2</sup>). Additionally, the PSCs with in situ formed 2D/3D perovskite heterojunctions retained 90% and 80% of their initial PCE after 1200 h photothermal stability and 1050 h outdoor testing, respectively. Our one-step strategy produces uniform and stable 2D/3D perovskite heterojunctions with enhanced passivation capability, overcoming the limitations of conventional sequential methods and offering a promising and effective approach for highly stable and efficient PSCs.

Nano-Micro LettersVol. 18(1)
University of Nottingham Ningbo China (CN), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN), Henry Royce Institute (GB), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CN), Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology (CN), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (KR), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (SA), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
National Research Foundation, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, National Research Foundation of Korea, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, International Cooperation Project of Ningbo City
Openalex Percentile: Top 63%
Perovskite Materials and Applications
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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