Artificial Intelligence in Science Education: Pedagogical Roles, Policy Alignment and Implications for Teaching–Learning Processes

Abstract Science education is a cornerstone of knowledge development and critical thinking for individuals and societies. However, students often face challenges in understanding abstract concepts, conducting experiments and connecting theory with practical applications. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool capable of addressing these challenges by providing personalized, adaptive and experiential learning opportunities. This paper presents a theoretical review of AI in science education, highlighting its pedagogical functions, impacts on learning processes and alignment with Indian policies such as the National Education Policy 2020 (NEP) and the National Curriculum Framework 2023 (NCF). Drawing on empirical studies, systematic reviews, and policy documents, this review discusses AI applications in enhancing student engagement, improving learning outcomes, supporting teachers, and promoting equitable access to science education. Ethical considerations, responsible AI use and 21st-century skills are also examined. The synthesis demonstrates that AI can play a pivotal role in transforming science education in India and globally, bridging conceptual difficulties, enhancing experiential learning and supporting teacher-led pedagogy.