Integrating Measures of Pollutant Exposure in Human Biology Research

This toolkit paper describes the value of including pollutant measurements in human biology research and describes considerations to implement such research. Human biologists study populations that are exposed to a variety of pollutants including metals and organic compounds used in agriculture and pest control. These pollutants can affect biological outcomes investigated by human biologists. Considering the impact of one or more of these pollutants in our investigations involves careful attention to properties of each pollutant and how the body metabolizes and stores them. Assessing exposure to many metals and organic compounds is best done by bio-sampling, usually of blood, but other media include hair, fingernails, and urine. Appropriate sampling media differ by pollutant but many found in the bloodstream may be collected together though not necessarily stored in the same way and not analyzed in the laboratory by the same method. A team approach is recommended as specialized knowledge of the proper sampling, handling, and analysis of each toxicant is needed. Choosing a laboratory should consider at a minimum the range of congeners measured, the minimum detection level, and the turnaround time for results required for the analysis. Study participants are likely to be interested in their toxicant exposure. The distribution of results should include careful description and interpretation to allow non-scientists to understand and take action if needed. Litigation by study participants against polluters is possible making it necessary to scrupulously preserve records of collection and analysis for possible court subpoena.