Global Challenges in Blueberry Cultivation: Emphasis on Mineral Nutrition and Substrate Management—A review

Blueberry, scientifically known as Vaccinium L., is a small berry with high nutritional and economic value. Owing to its recognized health benefits, the demand for blueberry consumption is increasing worldwide. However, due to varying soil and climatic conditions around the world and the sensitivity of blueberries, cultivating this plant presents more limitations for growers compared to other fruit trees, creating challenges for expanding production in different regions. The goal of this research is to investigate on the challenges and solutions in the blueberry production process, including soil characteristics, climate change, the relationship between element status and plant physiological conditions and the properties of specialized cultivation substrates. We have found that the challenges within the blueberry industry can be effectively addressed by optimizing pH levels, ensuring nutrient balance and utilizing appropriate substrates. Fertilizer requirements exhibit significant fluctuations throughout the successive years of a shrub’s life cycle. Research indicates that blueberry cultivation in areas and soils exposed to heavy metals results in minimal fruit contamination, with the majority of heavy metals accumulating in the vegetative organs. Given the shallow root system of blueberries, cultivation substrate with high moisture retention capacity have proven to be well-suited. This article combines the results of a research roundtable on the challenges of blueberry production among researchers in these fields and provides insights into the importance of expanding blueberry production globally to meet the increasing demand for blueberries, while also identifying research gaps and directions for future studies.