Unlocking the Potential of Cucurbitaceae Seed Oils: A Narrative Review on Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Biotechnological Applications

Seed oils from the Cucurbitaceae family represent a promising yet under-reviewed class of natural products for therapeutic development. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis linking their distinctive phytochemistry to pharmacological mechanisms and biotechnological applications. We detail characteristic profiles rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and unique Δ7-phytosterols, chemotaxonomic markers serving as distinctive chemical fingerprints. Evidence is synthesized demonstrating how these components drive anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing activities via key pathways like NF-κB and Nrf2. Furthermore, we explore how biotechnology leverages genetic diversity and molecular tools, such as marker-assisted selection and DNA barcoding, to enhance oil yield, ensure authenticity, and support sustainable production. While preclinical evidence is compelling, translating these oils into validated therapeutics requires focused clinical trials and standardized formulations. By integrating phytochemical, pharmacological, and biotechnological evidence, this review establishes a robust foundation for developing Cucurbitaceae seed oils into next-generation nutraceuticals and plant-based pharmaceuticals, offering a transformative paradigm for sustainable therapeutic development.