English farmers’ views on agroforestry and agroforestry scheme characteristics: a qualitative analysis of drivers and facilitators of engagement

Abstract Agroforestry is increasingly recognised for its multifunctional benefits, including ecosystem service delivery, biodiversity enhancement, and landscape improvement. As interest in this type of agriculture grows within new agri-environment policies, understanding farmer preferences and barriers to agroforestry adoption becomes critical. This study explored farmer views on agroforestry practices and scheme characteristics through four focus groups with 24 participants in England. Thematic analysis identified four key themes: terminology, perceived benefits, barriers, and facilitators of adoption. Farmers associated agroforestry with a range of farm-level and environmental benefits, such as shade for livestock, additional income streams, habitat creation, and cultural ecosystem services. However, adoption was constrained by concerns over financial viability, scheme inflexibility, and the mismatch between the long-term nature of tree planting and short-term policy cycles. Farmers also expressed uncertainty about how agroforestry fits within their role as food producers, and highlighted knowledge gaps around scheme requirements and tree management. Short-term tenancy agreements further limited participation. Findings suggest that farmers are more likely to adopt agroforestry when support schemes are flexible, context-sensitive, and supported by trusted advisors. Trust in scheme providers, particularly those perceived as impartial and embedded within the farming community, was found to be a critical factor influencing engagement, especially given widespread scepticism toward government-led initiatives. Future policies should prioritise long-term support, facilitate peer-to-peer learning, and ensure that agroforestry practices complement farm operations and food production goals. By fostering trust, simplifying scheme processes, and aligning agroforestry with farmer identity, policy can more effectively support the transition to sustainable land management.