Host–Microbiota Interactions in Obesity: Immune Metabolic Dysregulation

Obesity is a significant health issue that poses serious risks to human well-being. Gut microbiota disorders are recognized as key factors contributing to obesity. Intestinal microbes produce lipopolysaccharides, short-chain fatty acids, and extracellular vesicles that interfere with the body's immunological and metabolic processes. In turn, the host-derived exosomes, antimicrobial peptides, and interferon systems disrupt intestinal microbial homeostasis, further affecting metabolism and immunity and promoting obesity in multiple ways. This review focuses on the mechanism of immunological metabolism by the host-microorganism interaction and elucidates the frontiers of the etiology of obesity.