Sequential-chain coupling over hierarchical click-sites enables highly selective urea electrosynthesis
Electrochemical C - N coupling is an appealing approach for sustainable urea synthesis, while it is technically challenging due to the complex reaction mechanism and the spatiotemporal mismatch between C- and N- intermediates. Here, inspired by click chemistry, we design a hierarchical click-site catalyst (Se-InO<sub>x</sub>) that enables an efficient sequential-chain coupling pathway for urea electrosynthesis, achieving a urea yield rate of 254.94 mmol h<sup>-1</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>, Faradaic efficiency of 78.61%, >85% N<sub>urea</sub>-selectivity and 100% C<sub>urea</sub>-selectivity. Mechanistic studies reveal that Se-InO<sub>x</sub> as the first click-site can selectively adsorb NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and hydrogenate it to stable *NO<sub>2</sub>, while inhibiting CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption at this stage. The surface-anchored *NO<sub>2</sub> then acts as the second click-site to click couple with CO<sub>2</sub>, forming the key *CO<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> intermediate. This sequential-chain coupling strategy effectively resolves the spatiotemporal mismatch between N- and C- intermediates, thereby maximizing the suppression of side-reactions and enhancing C - N coupling selectivity. Techno-economic analysis and scalable synthesis validate the feasibility of this approach, providing a blueprint for high-selectivity multicomponent electrosynthesis.
Authors
- Yuntong Sun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8402-1770)
- Zhichuan Xu
- Junwu Zhu
- Xudong Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3055-5368)
- Meng Tian
- Y. Hou J.X. Huang
- Wenyao Zhang
- Min Zheng
- Qian Wu
Institutions
- University of Technology Sydney (AU)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2026-02-05
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69207-4
- Primary Topic
- Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Research Foundation
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research
- National Research Foundation Singapore
- National Natural Science Foundation of China