Sequential-chain coupling over hierarchical click-sites enables highly selective urea electrosynthesis

Electrochemical C - N coupling is an appealing approach for sustainable urea synthesis, while it is technically challenging due to the complex reaction mechanism and the spatiotemporal mismatch between C- and N- intermediates. Here, inspired by click chemistry, we design a hierarchical click-site catalyst (Se-InO<sub>x</sub>) that enables an efficient sequential-chain coupling pathway for urea electrosynthesis, achieving a urea yield rate of 254.94 mmol h<sup>-1</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>, Faradaic efficiency of 78.61%, >85% N<sub>urea</sub>-selectivity and 100% C<sub>urea</sub>-selectivity. Mechanistic studies reveal that Se-InO<sub>x</sub> as the first click-site can selectively adsorb NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and hydrogenate it to stable *NO<sub>2</sub>, while inhibiting CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption at this stage. The surface-anchored *NO<sub>2</sub> then acts as the second click-site to click couple with CO<sub>2</sub>, forming the key *CO<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> intermediate. This sequential-chain coupling strategy effectively resolves the spatiotemporal mismatch between N- and C- intermediates, thereby maximizing the suppression of side-reactions and enhancing C - N coupling selectivity. Techno-economic analysis and scalable synthesis validate the feasibility of this approach, providing a blueprint for high-selectivity multicomponent electrosynthesis.

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Publication Details

Journal
Nature Communications
Published
2026-02-05
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69207-4
Primary Topic
Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Sequential-chain coupling over hierarchical click-sites enables highly selective urea electrosynthesis

Yuntong Sun, Zhichuan Xu, Junwu Zhu, Xudong Zhang et al.
Nature Communications
Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction
article

Sequential-chain coupling over hierarchical click-sites enables highly selective urea electrosynthesis

Yuntong Sun, Zhichuan Xu, Junwu Zhu, Xudong Zhang, Meng Tian, Y. Hou J.X. Huang, Wenyao Zhang, Min Zheng, Qian Wu
article en

Abstract

Electrochemical C - N coupling is an appealing approach for sustainable urea synthesis, while it is technically challenging due to the complex reaction mechanism and the spatiotemporal mismatch between C- and N- intermediates. Here, inspired by click chemistry, we design a hierarchical click-site catalyst (Se-InO<sub>x</sub>) that enables an efficient sequential-chain coupling pathway for urea electrosynthesis, achieving a urea yield rate of 254.94 mmol h<sup>-1</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>, Faradaic efficiency of 78.61%, >85% N<sub>urea</sub>-selectivity and 100% C<sub>urea</sub>-selectivity. Mechanistic studies reveal that Se-InO<sub>x</sub> as the first click-site can selectively adsorb NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and hydrogenate it to stable *NO<sub>2</sub>, while inhibiting CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption at this stage. The surface-anchored *NO<sub>2</sub> then acts as the second click-site to click couple with CO<sub>2</sub>, forming the key *CO<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> intermediate. This sequential-chain coupling strategy effectively resolves the spatiotemporal mismatch between N- and C- intermediates, thereby maximizing the suppression of side-reactions and enhancing C - N coupling selectivity. Techno-economic analysis and scalable synthesis validate the feasibility of this approach, providing a blueprint for high-selectivity multicomponent electrosynthesis.

Nature CommunicationsVol. 17(1)
University of Technology Sydney (AU), Nanyang Technological University (SG), Nanjing University of Science and Technology (CN)
National Research Foundation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, National Research Foundation Singapore, National Natural Science Foundation of China
Openalex Percentile: Top 64%
Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction
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