Utilizing Tea Plant Synomones to Attract Encarsia smithi for Suppressing Aleurocanthus spiniferus in Tea Plantations

The citrus spiny whitefly, <i>Aleurocanthus spiniferus</i> Quaintance (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is an important pest of tea, <i>Camellia sinensis</i> (L.) Kuntze (Theales: Theaceae). Parasitic wasp, <i>Encarsia smithi</i> Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), is one of the dominant natural enemies of the whitefly. Generally, the whitefly produces four generations per year in Chinese tea plant growing areas. The wasp adult stages are basically synchronized with the nymphal stages of the whitefly. In an indoor Y-tube olfactometer bioassay, odors from both whitefly-pierced tea leaves and adjacent intact tea leaves significantly attracted the wasps, with elevated amounts of <i>trans</i>-2-hexenal and methyl salicylate (MeSA) detected from these two types of tea leaves. A four-arm olfactometer bioassay verified that these two compounds and their binary blends significantly attracted the wasps. Bud green sticky boards baited with <i>trans</i>-2-hexenal (10^-2 g mL^-1), MeSA (10^-2 g mL^-1), and five blends of <i>trans</i>-2-hexenal and MeSA (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1, respectively, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) at 10^-2 g mL^-1 in hexane solutions captured significantly more wasps than did the un-baited boards, with the 3:1 blend catching the highest number of wasps. To enhance whitefly parasitism by the wasps, from early April to early August, the Attractant 2 lures (each holding a total mass of 80 mg of the 3:1 blend) were hung on tea branches and refreshed every 30 days. Deployment of the controlled release synomone-based attractant lures resulted in 2-3 fold higher parasitism rates by the wasps in the treated plots/sections than those in the CK plots/sections during both the peak periods of whitefly pupae of generation 2 from late July to early August and generation 3 in late August. This study demonstrated that herbivore-induced tea volatiles can be formulated as a synomone-based lure for controlling the whitefly through attracting <i>E. smithi</i> in tea plantations.