OGG1 and MUTYH DNA Glycosylases, the Dynamic Duo Against 8-Oxoguanine DNA Lesion: Structure, Regulation, and Novel Emerging Roles

OGG1 and MUTYH are base excision repair (BER) DNA glycosylases (DGs) from the Helix-hairpin-Helix superfamily responsible for initiating and coordinating the repair of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (OG), and its replication-derived mispair with adenine (OG:A), respectively. The DNA repair activities of these DGs are pivotal to safeguarding nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Indeed, DG functional impairment is associated with numerous pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndromes, and cancer. The timely and precise localization and processing of oxidized nucleobases carried out by these DGs are modulated by a complex regulatory network at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels, as well as intricate protein-protein interaction networks. In the absence of regulation, inappropriate and imbalanced DG activity may trigger telomeric instability, changes in transcriptional profiles and cell death. This review focuses on summarizing key features of OGG1 and MUTYH function, with a special emphasis on structure, regulation, and novel emerging roles.