Oral health status and its predictors among hemodialysis patients in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its treatment through hemodialysis can lead to significant oral complications that impair nutrition and quality of life. However, data on the oral health status of Saudi patients undergoing hemodialysis remain limited. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of xerostomia, taste alterations, dental caries, tooth wear, gingival inflammation, and tooth loss among hemodialysis patients in the Ha’il region of Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 314 adult CKD patients receiving regular hemodialysis. Data were collected through a validated, structured questionnaire encompassing demographic, medical, and oral health information. Statistical analysis using Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression identified independent predictors of oral health outcomes, with significance set at p < 0.05. A total of 314 patients undergoing hemodialysis were included. Xerostomia was reported by 46.2% of participants, while 16.2% experienced taste alterations. Dental caries, tooth wear, gingival inflammation, and tooth loss were highly prevalent. Male gender, smoking, xerostomia, taste disturbances, and medication use were significant predictors of dental caries. Tooth wear was associated with male gender and xerostomia, gingival inflammation with male gender and smoking, and tooth loss primarily with older age and xerostomia. Hemodialysis patients experience a high burden of oral disease, influenced by multiple behavioral and systemic factors. Routine oral screening, preventive care, and interprofessional collaboration between nephrology and dental teams are vital to improving oral health and overall well-being in this population.