Seawater pearl hydrolysate alleviates perimenopausal syndrome by modulating hypothalamic and uterine ERα/MAPK/CREB signaling in ovariectomized rats

SPH effectively alleviates PMS symptoms in OVX rats. Its therapeutic effects are associated with restored hormonal balance, reduced oxidative stress, improved lipid metabolism, and modulation of the ERα/MAPK/CREB signaling pathway in both uterine and hypothalamic tissues, suggesting an integrated neuroendocrine regulatory mechanism. Further studies employing functional inhibition experiments are warranted to confirm these causal relationships.