Dispersive shock waves in gravity-capillary free-surface flows

This paper explores dispersive shock waves (DSWs) of gravity-capillary waves within the framework of the two-dimensional, fully nonlinear Euler equations. In this system, initial wave profiles characterised by a smooth step function evolve into modulated wavetrains that connect different constant states, a phenomenon arising from the interplay between nonlinear and dispersive effects. The Bond number, which quantifies the relative significance of gravity compared to surface tension, is crucial in determining the behaviour of the DSW solution. As the Bond number increases from zero, solutions traverse four distinct zones: the radiating DSW region, an unstable crossover region, the travelling DSW region, and the inverse radiating DSW region. The propagation velocities of DSWs can be estimated using the DSW fitting method alongside numerical results from travelling waves. Particular attention is given to travelling DSWs, which are characterised by a uniform wavetrain followed by an oscillatory decaying wavepacket. Notably, the high platform and its extended periodic wavetrain can be part of a specific type of gravity-capillary solitary wave that features an oscillatory pulse, with the number of oscillations at the core potentially increasing indefinitely. The Whitham modulation theory for the Euler equations is employed to describe the modulation parameters – such as wavenumber, amplitude and wave mean – in the travelling DSW region. Finally, we discuss the bifurcation mechanism of solitary waves with oscillatory pulses in the Euler equations, along with analyses of their stability. It is also demonstrated that for relatively small Bond numbers, a series of trapped bubbles can occur along the bifurcation curves, representing the limiting configuration of this type of solitary wave.