An Overview of Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacological Aspects of <i>Myrica esculenta</i>

Myrica esculenta Buch. ‐Ham. ex D. Don, commonly known as Kaiphal, is a nutritionally rich tree species of the Indian Himalayan region that holds significant ethnomedicinal and nutraceutical importance. A systematic literature survey was conducted using databases to compile information on its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and conservation status. Ethnobotanical reports indicate that the fruits and bark are the most widely used parts, traditionally employed for managing cardiac debility, respiratory ailments, gastrointestinal disorders, and wound healing. Phytochemical investigations have identified over 80 bioactive compounds, including flavonoids (notably myricetin), tannins, terpenoids, diarylheptanoids, phenolic acids, and volatile constituents. Among these, myricetin, predominantly present in the bark, has been extensively studied for its anticancer, anti‐inflammatory, antidiabetic, and wound‐healing properties. Pharmacological studies on extracts from fruits, bark, and leaves provide experimental support for many traditional claims, demonstrating analgesic, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial effects with relatively low toxicity. However, unsustainable harvesting, limited cultivation, and habitat loss have placed this species under threat, necessitating urgent conservation interventions. This review consolidates current knowledge on M. esculenta , emphasizing its ethnobotanical value, phytochemical richness, and broad pharmacological potential, while also highlighting critical research gaps and conservation needs to ensure its sustainable utilization and possible integration into modern therapeutic practices.