Carcinogens in Petroleum-derived Products: Evaluation of Benzene, Ethylbenzene, and Other Carcinogens Under High Temperatures

Petroleum-derived products (PDPs) often contain carcinogens such as benzene and ethylbenzene. However, exposure risks significantly increase during high-temperature workplace processes (120°C-180°C). We evaluated the thermal release of various carcinogens in PDPs, focusing on benzene, ethylbenzene, and other EU CLP 1A/1B compounds under elevated temperatures. 30 PDPs were categorized into four groups: Viscous Liquid of Lubricant (VL), Aerosol of Lubricant (AL), Semisolid of Grease (SG), and Aerosol of Remover (AR). Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed using GC/MS. Headspace analysis was conducted at temperatures from 30°C to 180°C to evaluate volatile carcinogens. The number of carcinogens increased systematically with temperature. At 180°C, EU CLP 1A/1B compounds were found in 40–75% of samples. Benzene was detected in 13 products (43.33%) and ethylbenzene in 29 products (96.67%). Increasing temperature enhanced benzene concentrations in 20-50% of products and ethylbenzene concentrations in 17-80% of products, with VL products showing the highest concentrations. Notably, several carcinogens not listed on standard Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) were detected at temperatures exceeding 120°C. Benzene and ethylbenzene should be removed from PDPs when possible. Elevated temperatures release additional "hidden" carcinogens not listed on SDSs. VL products should be avoided in high-temperature environments, and adequate ventilation and worker education are essential when using these products in confined spaces.