Brain Tumors Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment.

Brain tumors are a diverse and complex group of neoplasms affecting the central nervous system (CNS), presenting a major challenge in clinical management due to their heterogeneous nature, location variability, and aggressive behavior. Both primary and secondary brain tumors contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent advances in neuroimaging, molecular biology, and therapeutic strategies have revolutionized the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of these tumors. This paper provides a comprehensive review of modern diagnostic modalities—including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and advanced molecular biomarkers—as well as current treatment approaches, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and emerging immunotherapy and gene-based interventions. The study synthesizes data from WHO, UN, PubMed, and peer-reviewed journals, emphasizing the role of multidisciplinary, evidence-based approaches in improving patient outcomes.