Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotype Selection Through Phenotypic, Environmental and Molecular Screening: The Experience from Different Agro-ecological Zones of Serbia

Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important grain legume valued for its high protein content and adaptability to diverse environments. Understanding the relationship between morphological, phenological and genetic variability is essential for improving breeding strategies and cultivar performance under contrasting agroecological conditions. Methods: Sixteen chickpea genotypes of diverse seed shape and size were evaluated under uniform field conditions for morphological and phenological traits. Genetic diversity was assessed using iPBS markers. Based on preliminary results, five genotypes were selected for multi-location trials under contrasting agronomic management systems to assess yield components. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, correlation analysis and cluster analysis. Result: Significant variation was observed in plant height, seed size, pod number and seed yield, with seed shape emerging as the most consistent phenotypic marker for genotype differentiation. Molecular analysis supported phenotypic grouping, though with low bootstrap values, likely due to partial cross-pollination and seed admixture. Location had the largest effect on yield components, with higher rainfall contributing to increased productivity. Small-seeded genotypes demonstrated greater yield stability across environments, whereas large-seeded types performed best under favorable conditions.