Multiple Approaches in Controlling Sewer Biofilms to Mitigate Pathogen Spread

Sewer system biofilm development raises significant operational and public health concerns, including decreased hydraulic capacity, increased maintenance costs, infrastructure corrosion, and the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. This review critically discusses both traditional and novel methods for controlling the development of sewer biofilms. Traditional methods involving chemical biocides and disinfectants are discussed, along with their effectiveness and limitations, particularly environmental concerns and the development of microbial resistance. Physical procedures, including mechanical cleaning and pipe scrubbing, have been evaluated for their efficacy and potential side effects. Emerging methods involving antimicrobial coatings (such as silver nanomaterials and copper), enzymatic treatment of biofilm matrix components, and the application of metal-resistant materials to biofilms (including hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials) have been examined. Multi-strategic, combined approaches are excellent tools for addressing the multifaceted problem of sewer biofilms. The review highlights key gaps for continued work and suggests directions for studies to develop more viable, environmentally friendly methods for controlling sewer biofilms. By integrating recent developments, the review offers practical recommendations for managing sewer biofilms to protect sewer infrastructure and public health.