Otzi the Iceman: A Multidisciplinary Analysis of ¨ Europe's Oldest Natural Mummy and Its Contributions to Copper Age Understanding

The discovery of Ötzi the Iceman in 1991 stands as one of the most remarkable archaeological discoveries of the 20th century. This naturally mummified man, dated to around 3300 BCE, offers an extraordinary window into life, health, technology, and genetics during the Copper Age in Europe. This paper provides a comprehensive, multidisciplinary examination of Ötzi — covering his discovery, preservation, physical and health characteristics, tools, clothing, and genetic ancestry. Recent genomic studies have revealed unexpected findings about his appearance and lineage, challenging earlier reconstructions. The research also investigates Ötzi’s 61 tattoos and their possible therapeutic or symbolic functions, his advanced toolkit and materials, and the violent circumstances surrounding his death. Using cutting-edge techniques such as genomic sequencing, isotopic tracing, and multispectral imaging, scientists have built a detailed portrait of this Neolithic individual and his society. By synthesizing over thirty years of research, this study shows how a single, well-preserved mummy transformed our understanding of Copper Age Europe and laid the foundations for the emerging field of glacial archaeology.