Utility of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for assessing disease activity in takayasu arteritis with carotid artery involvement: a scoping review

CEUS is a minimally invasive, reproducible, and effective technique for both detecting and monitoring disease activity in TA with carotid vessel involvement, thereby facilitating early and accurate therapeutic decisions. Its future incorporation into clinical practice will require validated scoring systems, harmonized acquisition protocols, and demonstration of added value in treatment decision-making and long-term outcomes.