CD20 monoclonal antibody‑rituximab for the treatment of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in children (Review)

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a rare life‑threatening pulmonary disorder in children, characterized by cough, hemoptysis and dyspnea. The pathogenesis is not fully understood, posing notable challenges for clinical diagnosis and management. Recent advances have gradually revealed potential etiologies and associated immune mechanisms, driving the development and application of novel therapies. The present review aimed to summarize the current understanding of the etiology, diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies for pediatric DAH, with a focus on the emerging role of the CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab, and highlighted clinical evidence supporting its use in immune‑related DAH. The present review aimed to provide a foundation for further research and optimize clinical decision‑making.