Analytical Methodologies for Benzo[a]pyrene in Foods: A Review of Advances in Sample Preparation and Detection Techniques

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a potent carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is a critical food contaminant originating from environmental deposition and thermal processing, posing a significant threat to public health and driving stringent global regulations. This review critically examines recent advancements in analytical methodologies for BaP determination, giving particular emphasis to sample preparation and detection techniques. The discussion covers the evolution from conventional methods, such as solid-phase extraction, towards more efficient and sustainable approaches, including magnetic, dispersive, and molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction, as well as microextraction techniques and gel permeation chromatography. For detection, the performance of established chromatographic methods, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD), is evaluated against emerging rapid techniques such as sensors, immunoassays, and spectroscopic methods. The analysis reveals that while significant progress has been made in improving sensitivity, selectivity, and throughput, challenges remain in balancing speed with accuracy, managing matrix effects, and translating novel materials from research to routine application. The review concludes by underscoring the necessity for future development to focus on the integration of smart materials, automation, and advanced data science to achieve robust, on-site, and holistic monitoring solutions for ensuring food safety against BaP contamination.