Advancement in Haptic Devices Integrating <scp>3D</scp> Printing

ABSTRACT Haptic devices, crucial in human‐computer interaction, replicate tactile sensations through stresses, vibrations, or movements. Integrating 3D (three‐dimensional) printing technology has significantly enhanced haptic design, application development, and system performance. This study explores various 3D‐printable materials for haptic devices, emphasizing their mechanical qualities, flexibility, and practical use. Rigid polymers like PLA (Polylactic acid) and ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) ensure structural integrity, while flexible materials like TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethane) and silicone‐based resins mimic human skin's tactile perception. 3D printing improves the precision of mechanical actuators, sensors, and responsive materials used in haptic feedback, allowing rapid prototyping and unique shapes. The advancements in haptic devices, driven by 3D printing, enable the creation of personalized components that meet specific user needs. In healthcare, these devices are used for surgical training, organ and limb replacement, and physiotherapy. In virtual and augmented reality, haptic feedback enhances user interaction. The aerospace and defense industries utilize haptic devices for simulation, remote operations, and communication, while consumer electronics benefit from increased engagement and improved product quality. The synergy between material science and 3D printing leads to more efficient, accessible, and versatile haptic systems, advancing touch feedback technology and offering innovative solutions for human‐machine interfaces.