Prospective Competence of Magnesium-ion over Lithium-ion Batteries in Electric Propulsion

The rising demand for sustainable electric propulsion led to extensive research on alternative battery chemistries beyond lithium-ion systems. Even though, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) currently serve as the primary energy storage technology in electric vehicles (EVs), concerns related to resource criticality, dendrite induced safety hazards, and environmental impact prompted interest in magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs). As a potential replacement, MIBs offer several inherent advantages, including the use of Earth abundant and non-toxic magnesium, absence of dendrite formation, high theoretical volumetric capacity, and improved thermal stability. The present review deals with comprehensive comparison of LIBs and MIBs based on electrochemical performance, safety parameters, ion transport characteristics, cycle life, and environmental considerations. Special focus is given to recent developments in MIB component materials, such as bismuth-based and titanium-based anodes, transition metal oxide and chalcogenide cathodes, and hybrid or solid-state electrolytes that support reversible Mg²⁺ transport. EVs enabled with MIBs can reduce the net CO2 footprint nearly to 24,800 kg when compared to 26,500 kg and 37,500 kg associated respectively with LIB powered EVs and ICEVs for a span of 10 years. As electrification becoming central to all powertrain architectures, the analysis highlights that although MIBs remain at a lower technology readiness level, their favorable energy densities, extended cycling stability, and reduced ecological footprint position them as strong candidate for future EV battery applications.