ANOMALY: a Snakemake pipeline for identifying NuMTs from long-read sequencing data

Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segments (NuMTs) can contribute to cancer development and disease progression by disrupting protein-coding genes. Furthermore, their presence confounds mitochondrial variant detection, underscoring the critical need for robust NuMT detection. Current methods to call NuMTs rely on short-read sequencing data but struggle to resolve complex NuMTs. These limitations can be overcome by employing long-read sequencing data. However, no such workflow exists to capture NuMTs from long-read sequencing data. Here, we introduce ANOMALY, a novel, easy-to-use workflow for detecting NuMTs from long-read sequencing data. The pipeline takes raw sequencing or aligned data and calls and visualises sample NuMTs. On 50 simulated datasets, the pipeline demonstrated high accuracy, with a precision of 1.000, a recall of 0.989, and an F1-score of 0.994. The pipeline underscores the limitations of short-read data in resolving and capturing complex NuMTs while demonstrating that long-read data enables their accurate identification. The Snakemake pipeline employs Python, Bash and R and is published under an open-source GNU GPL v3 license. Detailed information on setting up and running the pipeline, along with the source code, is available at https://github.com/Nirmal2310/ANOMALY.