Barriers beneath zero: a systems view of sustainable cold chain transitions in India’s food sector

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the key barriers hindering the transition from traditional food cold chains (FCCs) to sustainable food cold chains (SFCCs) in India, providing a structured framework to guide decision-making for sustainable perishable logistics. Design/methodology/approach Ten critical barriers were identified through a systematic literature review and expert consultation. These were analyzed using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) to develop a hierarchical structure and the DEMATEL method to determine causal relationships, highlighting the interactions and influence of each barrier. Findings The analysis shows that inefficient sustainable infrastructure, insufficient government support and lack of intelligent transport systems are the most influential barriers, driving dependent challenges such as high food costs and sub-standard equipment. Addressing these root barriers is essential for facilitating the transition to SFCCs. The integrated ISM–DEMATEL approach provides a cross-validated understanding of barrier interdependencies, offering actionable insights for managers and policymakers. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study offer a decision-support framework for supply chain managers and policymakers, emphasizing priority interventions such as investments in renewable energy-based cold logistics, adoption of intelligent transport systems and Industry 4.0 technologies and promotion of intermodal transport. Implementation of these measures can reduce food loss, improve food security and enhance environmental and economic sustainability. Originality/value This study contributes methodologically by combining ISM and DEMATEL to analyze barriers to SFCCs, providing frameworks for FCCs–SFCCs transitions in emerging economies. This study bridges theoretical understanding with practical and policy-oriented recommendations, supporting sustainable development in the FCC sector.