Nanoparticle approaches for hepatitis therapy and clinical translation

To facilitate clinical translation, a clear developmental roadmap is needed that emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration, standardized safety evaluations, and patient-centered treatment strategies. Continued innovation-including integration of nanotechnology with artificial intelligence, gene-editing approaches, and immunomodulatory platforms-holds strong potential to transform HBV and HCV management and enable safer, more effective therapeutic options beyond current antiviral approaches.