The talent paradox: Why is it fair to reward talent but not luck?

In a large-scale survey of the US population, we show that people are more accepting of inequality caused by talent than of inequality caused by luck, even after controlling for beliefs about the extent to which these factors are within individual control. We refer to this pattern as the “talent paradox.” In an experiment, we provide evidence that this paradox may arise because people view others as having ownership over the fruits of their talent if they have acted on it, even when the talent itself is beyond individual control. In contrast, varying whether the talent is determined by a personal or impersonal characteristic outside individual control has no effect on the acceptance of inequality. Our findings offer new evidence on the nature of people’s fairness views and shed light on political debates over the acceptability of inequality in society.